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Mauthausen is a market town in Upper Austria in the district of Perg in the Mühlviertel region on the western edge of the Machland region and was the seat of the district court for the judicial district of Mauthausen until December 31, 2013. Since January 1, 2014, the competent district court is located in the city of Perg. The market, which lies directly on the Danube, is located 15 km east of Linz at 265 m above sea level.

The village developed at a toll site founded by the Babenbergs at the end of the 10th century and was first mentioned in documents in 1192 as "Muthusin". In 1335 market rights were mentioned for the first time in the Urbar of Baumgartenberg, which were later confirmed several times. In 1505, the first wooden bridge over the Danube was built near Mauthausen, which was later replaced by ferries (flying bridge). Mauthausen gained economic importance as a stopover in the salt trade on the Linzer Steig. Mauthausen became famous in the 19th century for the Mauthausen granite supplied by the Mauthausen stone industry to the major cities of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The current area of the municipality was created by the incorporation of the previously independent cadastral municipality of Haid on November 1, 1938.

Between 1938 and 1945, the Mauthausen concentration camp, the largest Nazi concentration camp in Austria, was located in the northeast of the community area.

From the 1970s onwards, numerous commercial enterprises settled along the Danube road B 3 and the shopping center Donaupark Mauthausen was built directly at the Mauthausen Danube bridges. The location on the Danube and the Enns, which flows into it from the south, was associated with frequent flooding and multiple flood disasters, most recently in 1954 and 2002, which is why a mobile flood protection system was built in 2010 as part of the Machland Dam.